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SAMPLE ETYMOLOGICAL LEXICON
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As a direct descent of regional spoken Latin, the Venetian lexicon derives its vocabulary substantially from Latin and (in more recent times) from Tuscan, so that most of its words are cognate with the corresponding words of Italian. Venetian include... |
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SOUND SYSTEM
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Venetian has some sounds not present in Italian, an interdental voiceless fricative [?] spelled ç or z(h) and similar to English th in thing and thought, to Castilian Spanish c(e, i)/z (as in cero, cien, zapato), Modern Greek ? (theta), and Icelandic... |
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SUBORDINATE CLAUSES
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Subordinate clauses have double introduction ("whom that", "when that", "which that", "how that"), as in Old English:Italian: So di chi parli ("(I) know about whom (you) speak"). Venetian: So de chi che te parla (lit. "(I) know about whom that you-sp... |
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CONTINUING ACTION
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Another peculiarity of the language is the use of the phrase eser drěo (a) (literally, "behind to") to indicate continuing action:Italian: Mio padre sta parlando ("My father is speaking"). Venetian: Mé pare 'l xe drěo(inviŕ) parlŕr (lit. "My father h... |
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REGIONAL VARIANT
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The main regional variants and sub-variants of Venetian areCentral (Padua, Vicenza, Polesine), with about 1,500,000 speakers. Eastern/Coastal (Venice, Trieste, Grado, Istria, Fiume). Western (Verona, Trento). North-Central (Treviso, most of Pordenone... |
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VENETIAN LANGUAGE CLASSIFICATION
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Venetian descends partly from Vulgar Latin - like all other Romance languages, including Italian and the other Italian dialects. However, in the traditional classification of Romance languages it is considered part of the Italo-Romance group.Accordin... |
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AUXILIARY VERBS
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Reflexive tenses use the auxiliary verb aver ("to have"), as in English, German, and Spanish; instead of essar ("to be"), which would be normal in Italian. The past participle is invariable, unlike Italian:Italian: (Tu) ti sei lavato (lit. "(You) you... |
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INTERROGATIVE INFLECTION
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Venetian also has a special interrogative verbal flexion used for direct questions, which also incorporates a redundant pronoun:Italian: (Tu) eri sporco? ("Were you dirty?").Venetian: (Ti) jčristu onto? or even (Ti) xčrito sporco? (lit. "You were-you... |
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REDUNDANT SUBJECT PRONOUNS
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A peculiarity of Venetian grammar is a "semi-analytical" verbal flexion, with a compulsory "clitic subject pronoun" before the verb in many sentences, "echoing" the subject as an ending or a weak pronoun. Independent/emphatic pronouns (e.g. ti), on t... |
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GRAMMAR
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Like most Romance languages, Venetian has mostly abandoned the Latin case system, in favor of prepositions and a more rigid subject-verb-object sentence structure. It has thus become more analytic, if not quite as much as English. Venetian also has t... |
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